New research by sociologist Dr Vanessa Gash indicates that men are also unhappy if their wives earn more
By Chris Lines (Senior Communications Officer), Published (Updated )
A new study from City, University of London shows that husbands in the UK get a psychological boost when they out-earn their wives and feel unhappy if their wives earn more than they do.
The research, which assesses the partner pay gap (PPG) – a powerful measure of enduring inequalities within modern coupledom which goes against expectations of progressive equality between the sexes – has several key findings:
- Men exhibit an increase in life satisfaction in response to a recent increase in their proportional earnings relative to their wives’ earnings
- For women, changes in proportional earnings had no effect on life satisfaction
- Secondary-earning husbands report lower average life satisfaction than majority-earning and equal-earning men, while such differences were not found for women
The research, which is published in the Work, Employment and Society journal and also featured on the front page of this weekend’s The Sunday Times, focuses on the role of micro-social interpersonal dynamics in the maintenance of the partner pay gap. The academics do so through an examination of the implications of the partner pay gap on the psychological well-being of women and men.
Their analysis allows them to uncover the relationship between gendered identities, earning position within the household and well-being, extending current knowledge by offering new insights into the role of normative structures on working practice.
Using multiple waves of the UK Household Longitudinal Study (UKHLS), they examine the effect of recent changes in within-couple earnings inequality as well as recent changes in labour force position, allowing them to better control for habituation and to portion out concurrent and, potentially, competing predictors of life satisfaction.
The analysis offers compelling evidence of the role of gendered norms on the sustenance of the partner pay gap, with men found to earn a ‘psychological dividend’ from recent increases in proportional household earnings, and a ‘psychological penalty’ when they are out-earned by their female partners.
Lead author Dr Vanessa Gash [pictured], Deputy Head of City’s Department of Sociology, said:
“These findings suggest that the partner pay gap is reinforced or supported by male breadwinning norms.
“This tendency was robust to multiple tests, and alternative specifications. It is a finding based on statistically representative data for the UK as a whole.
“Policy agendas which seek progressive change towards equality between the sexes need to clearly recognise divergent tendencies by sex in labour market behaviour."
Click to read the full study in Work, Employment and Society: The Partner Pay Gap: Associations between Spouses’ Relative Earnings and Life Satisfaction among Couples in the UK
Click to read The Sunday Times' exclusive report by Social Affairs Correspondent Emily Dugan: 'Mind the pay gap — men unhappy when wives earn more'. [£]