This centre brings together three interlocking groups, all focusing on the analysis of different complex and/or special engineering structures: long-span bridges; tall buildings; and nuclear structures.
'Complex' or 'special' structures are primarily all those that fall outside the scope of current structural design codes of practice. Particularly challenging problems arise when these structures are situated in adverse environments, resulting occasionally in extreme loads to structures (strong wind fronts/ hurricanes, floods, (rogue) sea waves, earthquakes, fire/blast, corrosion, climate change, extreme temperature and humidity). A major challenge for designers is to analyse such complex structures, especially when high performance objectives are set for multiple levels of design actions. Designers have to exercise their best judgement in selecting those methods that can be applied to real-life (as opposed to academic) structures and can produce a reasonable design solution that would lead to high-performance structures without being over-conservative.
The structures forming the focus of the centre present similar challenges that can be addressed in a fairly unified way; existing expertise and infrastructure at City are utilised to give a well-rounded response to problems such as performance-based structural design, use of high-performance materials, and structural monitoring.
Watch this video to learn about research in the field of bridge engineering.
Types of structures studied:
Types of 'special' loadings studied:
Types of approaches used:
"The choices that we make about infrastructure enable us to shape the type of economy and society that we want for the future. Infrastructure has the capacity to unlock economic potential in individual regions and ensure that growth and opportunities are distributed across the country…"
(UK National Infrastructure Plan 2014, HM Treasury)
A well-identified Grand Challenge in Civil/Structural Engineering is to enhance the resiliency of contemporary engineering structures and infrastructure networks exposed to natural and man-made hazards and to improve sustainability in construction, operation, and decommissioning of structured facilities. Through both fundamental and experimental research, the SSSHM unit pioneers cost-effective solutions to monitor civil engineering structures using wireless sensor networks for design validation, condition assessment, and damage detection. Special attention is focused on sparse data acquisition and processing techniques and on the development and field deployment of innovative fibre optic-based sensors. Further, the SSSHM unit develops innovative passive adaptive and semi-active devices for vibration control and/or energy harvesting in tall buildings and long-span bridges exposed to dynamic loads within a multi-objective performance-based design framework in multi-hazard environments. The unit is committed to world-leading analytical/mathematical, computational, and experimental research to deliver paradigms of 'smart' engineering structures that can sense, react, and adapt to their environment to ensure fit of purpose, users' comfort and minimal environmental impact.
Members: Dr Agathoklis Giaralis (coordinator), Professor Andreas J. Kappos, Dr Panagiotis Mergos, Dr Brett McKinley, Dr Tatyana Micic, Professor Tong Sun, Professor George Halikias
"Earthquake engineering is to the rest of the engineering disciplines what psychiatry is to other branches of medicine: It is a study of pathological cases to gain insight into the mental structure of normal human beings.
This aspect of earthquake engineering makes it challenging and fascinating, and gives it an educational value beyond its immediate objectives".
N.M. Newmark and E. Rosenblueth (Fundamentals of earthquake engineering, 1971)
The EESRM Research Unit focuses on the seismic performance of complex or irregular buildings, bridges and other civil engineering structures. The methods used are both experimental (utilising the new facilities of the Structures Laboratory at City) and analytical, using a number of sophisticated nonlinear finite element analysis programs, some of which (ATENA, IDARC) have been substantially enhanced by researchers of the Centre and their co-workers. The Unit also addresses several aspects of Seismic Risk Management, such as prediction of future losses and development of earthquake scenarios, and pre- and post-earthquake assessment techniques for damage structures (buildings, bridges).
Members: Professor Andreas J. Kappos (coordinator), Dr Agathoklis Giaralis, Professor Ashraf Ayoub, Dr Panagiotis Mergos, Dr Alfredo Camara, Professor Tong Sun, Professor George Halikias
"Inventing is a combination of brains and materials. The more brains you use, the less material you need."
Charles Kettering (1876-1958, holder of 186 patents)
The past two decades witnessed the development of several new materials for infrastructure construction. These include fibre-reinforced concrete using steel or polymeric fibres; the so-called Engineering Cementitious Composites (ECC); reactive powder concrete; nano-reinforced concrete using carbon nano tubes or nano fibres; high-strength reinforcement; shape memory alloys; fibre-reinforced polymers and fibre-reinforced cementitious matrix composites; textile reinforced mortar among others. The overall behaviour of these materials has not been fully explored. In this unit, research will use experimental and analytical techniques to evaluate the constitutive behaviour of these materials under combined mechanical and thermal loading, as well as the structural behaviour under natural and man-made hazards.
Members: Professor Ashraf Ayoub (coordinator), Professor Ranjan Banerjee, Dr Brett McKinley, Dr Tatyana Micic, Dr Feng Fu, Dr Alfredo Camara
Click an image below to view full-sized version.
via wireless sensor networks using compressive sensing data acquisition techniques
EPSRC-funded project
Find out more about this project
from wind/wave/earthquake-excited structures using the novel lightweight tuned mass-damper-inerter (TDMI) device
EPSRC-funded project
Find out more about this project
of ordinary and special structures using beyond-codes-of-practice Monte Carlo-based and Stochastic Dynamics-based techniques
Internally funded project
of extreme dynamic loads in earthquake, wind and wave engineering applications
Internally funded project
Comprehensive framework that utilises multi-scale modelling, high-performance materials and innovative sensing systems for sustainable design and multi-hazard risk mitigation.
Research supported through the Royal Academy of Engineering / Pell Frischmann Chair to City, University of London
Internally funded project
The project aims at developing a cost-effective wind shielding that adapts to the existing weather conditions in order to maximise the protection to the vehicles while reducing the forces transmitted to the structure, making this solution ideal to extend the traffic operability in new and existing bridges.
Project funded by the Department for Transport through T-TRIG.
Principal Investigator: Dr Alfredo Camara
Co-Investigator: Dr Chetan Jagadeesh
Project partners: Highways England and Connect Plus Services.
Download the public report here.
Internally funded project
Dr Agathoklis Giaralis
PhD candidates carry out Civil Engineering Structures research in the Department of Civil Engineering. Potential research student projects in the field of Civil Engineering Structures are shown below, for more details, click on the name of the project. Find out more about applying to a research degree in this field.
Professor Andreas J. Kappos
The key objective is to develop a method for designing bridges with improved performance under extreme dynamic loadings, such as strong earthquakes. The basic idea is that varying the boundary conditions can lead to an improved structural performance under dynamic actions. The specific goal is to substitute current bridge joints that have a fixed width with variable-width joints, which initially can be either closed or open depending on their length and the serviceability requirements, while under seismic loading their width is optimised either with a one-off adjustment, or continuously varying through semi-active control. Proper devices for adjusting the movement of the bridge deck have to be developed as part of the project. The performance sought by varying the joint gap depends on the design objectives, i.e. whether durability or extreme dynamic loads are expected to govern the design.
Professor Ashraf Ayoub
Nano-engineered concrete has emerged as an efficient multifunctional construction material that can offer many advantages such as higher strength and stiffness, enhanced ductility, and self health monitoring. The behaviour of such material under thermal loads is still not well understood. The project will aim at evaluating the performance of nano-engineered concrete structures under elevated temperature using experimental and multi-scale analytical techniques.
Dr Agathoklis Giaralis
Vibration-based structural health monitoring (V-SHM) techniques are widely used for design verification, condition assessment, and damage detection of large-scale civil engineering structures. V-SHM involves the sampling and post-processing of response acceleration signals from vibrating structures excited by environmental dynamic loads such as those due to wind, traffic, sea-waves, and earthquakes. This project builds on recent mathematical and algorithmic developments, achieved through an EPSRC funded proposal, to enable cost-efficient V-SHM by acquiring acceleration measurements at sampling rates significantly below the Nyquist rate. This consideration supports the use of wireless sensor (WSs) for V-SHM having low energy consumption and improved wireless data transmission reliability. The project involves multi-disciplinary analytical and computational work to extend the range of applicability of the current sub-Nyquist V-SHM techniques to challenging scenarios including the case of non-stationary acceleration response signals encountered in the monitoring of wind turbines and the case of earthquake-induced damage detection and characterization. Excellent knowledge of MATLAB and of finite element software are required as well as a solid background on structural dynamics which will extend to sparse signal acquisition, modelling, and processing techniques.
Dr Agathoklis Giaralis
This project is the continuation of an EPSRC funded proposal to enable smart, lightweight, and sustainable civil engineering structures, such as tall buildings and long-span (foot-)bridges, through the consideration of inertial and regenerative devices with varying properties to meet serviceability limit state requirements. These requirements govern the design of modern slender structures which have become ever more susceptible to excessive vibrations due to dynamic loads caused by the action of wind and traffic. The project considers coupling inertial dampers, such as the tuned mass-damper-inerter (TMDI) with energy harvesting enabled electromechanical motors in novel topologies to achieve simultaneous vibration suppression and power generation in slender structures subject to operational loads. The project involves multi-disciplinary analytical and computational work to advance the current state-of-art by integrating the above devices into performance-based structural design allowing for varying the overall structural properties based on the anticipated level and nature of the external loads as well as based on the sought structural performance. Excellent knowledge of MATLAB and of finite element software are required as well as a solid background on structural dynamics which will extend to electromechanical coupling and control.
Dr Brett McKinley
Working under the newly formed Centre of Excellence in Temporary Works and Construction Method Engineering sponsored by the Temporary Works Forum, the project is aimed at determining the true distribution of load during construction when backprops are used to provide temporary support to reinforced concrete structures. Current guidance is understood to be conservative and more accurate and applicable measurement of loads in backprops, along with improved understanding of the behaviour of the structure, is required to better inform industry.
Dr Tatyana Micic
Many structures, such as bridges, buildings, towers and masts are critical for the society so it is important to take advantage of new technologies to ensure that they are safe. This project will develop modern application to include disparate sources of information about existing structures such as sensors, non-destructive testing, measurements, etc. to quantify structural performance.
Dr Alfredo Camara
Nuclear power plants are of crucial importance to the national energy management, economy and safety. In particular, containment vessels represent a vital part of these infrastructures as they are the ultimate barrier to prevent leakage from the reactor in case of an accident. The failure of one of these vessels would pose an immense risk to society and yet the current analysis methods routinely ignore possible degradation and ageing effects in the concrete and the steel. Understanding the long-term response of containment vessels under extreme conditions such as strong ground motions and the loss of coolant is essential. The goal of this research is to develop a multi-hazard analysis framework in which the eXtended Finite Element Method (XFEM) will be used to describe crack patterns in the concrete and nonlinear static and dynamic analyses will be conducted to obtain recommendations for the safe design of containment vessels. The successful PhD candidate in this project should have experience in Finite Element modelling and a solid background in structural dynamics and prestressed concrete design.
Dr Panagiotis Mergos and Prof. Andreas J. Kappos
Structural optimisation techniques are widely used in routine design of aeronautical, mechanical and naval structural systems. In routine civil engineering practice, however, optimum structural design is pursued either with the aid of the designer’s experience or a manual trial-and-error process. For complex problems, these approaches are often inadequate and drive to uneconomical designs. This research will develop a novel, automated framework for the optimum design of reinforced concrete buildings in earthquake prone regions that maximises resilience and sustainability of these structural systems.
Dr Panagiotis Mergos
Safe structural design requires that demands in terms of forces and deformations remain below respective structural capacities. Often, structural capacities cannot be determined by numerical methods and experimental testing is required. For structures subjected to cyclic loads, such as the ones imposed by earthquakes, quasi-static cyclic tests are typically employed, where test specimens are subjected to predefined force and/or deformation histories of demands, named loading protocols.
In many cases, existing loading protocols are not representative of anticipated seismic demands and thereby may either underestimate structural capacities leading to uneconomical designs or overestimate capacities driving to catastrophic failures. This research aims at developing loading protocols that reflect accurately seismic demands of various structural systems (e.g. reinforced concrete, masonry and timber buildings) in order to produce realistic estimates of their structural capacities.
You can find out more about each member of staff, including their latest publications and their contact details by following the links below.
Dr Jin-Song Pei, from University of Oklahoma, will give a seminar with the title “An Introduction to “Mem-Models” for Engineering Mechanics Applications”.
Location: Room C300, Tait Building,
Time: 5:00 pm
Prof. Bassam A. Izzuddin, from Imperial College London, will give a seminar with the title “Advances in Robustness Assessment of Multi-storey Buildings”.
Download the presentation here.
Dr Katherine Cashell, from Brunel University, gave a seminar with the title “Novel materials and elements in 21st Century structures”.
Prof. Kuldeep Virdi, from City University, gave a seminar on “Steel cladding systems for stabilization of steel buildings in fire”.
Download the presentation here.
Prof. Jian Zhang will give a seminar with the title: "Seismic protection of highway bridges using performance based design and optimization".
Prof. Anastasios Sextos gave a seminar with the title: "Performance-based design of critical infrastructure considering soil-structure interaction effects".
Download the presentation here.
Prof. Dina D'Ayala gave a seminar entitled: "Can we extend probabilistic performance based engineering to other hazards?".
Download the presentation here.
Dr Alessandro Palmeri gave a seminar entitled: "Improving the seismic performance of new and existing buildings through dynamic interaction with secondary structures".
Download the abstract and information about the speaker here.
Dr Konstantinos Daniel Tsavdaridis gave a seminar entitled: "Research and Development in Design of Steel and Composite Structures at the University of Leeds".
Download the presentation here.
Prof Enrique Alba gave a seminar entitled: "Intelligent Systems for Smart Cities".
Download the presentation here.
Dr Christian Málaga-Chuquitaype will give a seminar entitled: "Seismic response of wood structures: from material damage to tall buildings".
Download the presentation here.
Dr Stergios A Mitoulis gave a seminar entitled: "Resilient designs for bridges subjected to seismic loads".
Download the presentation here.
Professor Theodore Karavasilis gave a seminar entitled: "Design of Steel-Concrete Composite Bridges for Rapid Disassembly, Repair or Replacement: Smart Structural Details, Full-scale Tests, and Design Rules".
Download the presentation here.
Download the presentation here.
Download the presentation here.
Download the presentation here.
Prof. Y.L. Mo gave a seminar on "Development of CSMM-based shell element for reinforced concrete structures".
Download the presentation here.
Dr Brett McKinley and Prof. Cedric D'Mello gave a seminar on "Large scale testing of innovative composite structures".
Prof. Abdeldjelil Belarbi gave a seminar on "Preservation and renewal of civil engineering infrastructure using fiber reinforced polymer composites".
Download the presentation here.
Prof. Martin Williams gave a seminar on the seismic response of Roman concrete arches and vaults.
Download the presentation here.
Dr Anastasios G. Sextos gave a seminar on "Resilience of Transportation Networks to Seismic Hazard".
Download the presentation here.
Visit of a group of Chinese academics from Ningxia University. See here the presentation by Prof. Kappos and the picture of the event.
Prof B.F. Spencer gave a lecture on monitoring of civil infrastructure, from research to engineering practice
Four PhD candidates of the RCCES presented their interesting research works (click on the names to download the presentation):
Prof Ahmed Elghazouli gave a lecture on robustness of steel and composite structures under extreme loads.
Dr Agathoklis Giaralis, City, University of London, on: the tuned mass-damper-inerter (TMDI) for passive vibration control of multi-storey building structures subject to earthquake and wind excitations
Prof Pierfrancesco Cacciola, University of Brighton, on: Vibration control of buildings through vibrating barriers
Prof Ashraf Ayoub, City, University of London, on: Behaviour of complex reinforced concrete structures under three-dimensional loads. Tait Building, room C300, 17:30h.
Prof Marios K Chryssanthopoulos, University of Surrey, on: Fatigue of metallic bridges – the role of structural health monitoring in assessment and
fatigue life prediction
Prof M. Barbato, Louisiana State University, on Performance-based hurricane engineering and its application to tall buildings.
Prof A.J. Kappos, City, University of London, on Efficiency of different strengthening techniques in reducing seismic fragility of bridges.
The centre has run a two-day continuing professional development (CPD) course on Seismic design of structures to Eurocode 8.
Dr P. Mergos, City, University of London, on Modelling Shear-Flexure Interaction in Equivalent Frame Models of Slender RC Walls
Dr A. Camara, City, University of London, on Innovate strategies for the analysis and control of cable-stayed bridges under strong earthquakes
Download Camara's presentation
Professor Brian Broderick, Trinity College Dublin, on Investigating the Behaviour & Design of Braced Steel Frames under Earthquake Loading
Professor N. Makris, University of Central Florida and Visiting Fellow, City, University of London, on Seismic protection of structures with modern technologies
Professor N. Makris, University of Central Florida, on The Dynamics of Rocking Isolation
Professor C. Baniotopoulos, University of Birmingham, on The Use of High Strength Steel for Long Span Structures
Professor Katrin Beyer, EPF Lausanne: Seismic response of core walls - open questions after the earthquakes in Chile and New Zealand. Download the presentation here.
Laurentiu Marian, PhD student (write-up status), City, University of London: Weight reduction, vibration suppression and energy harvesting for tuned mass-damper-inerter (TMDI) equipped support-excited structures. Download the presentation here.
Presentations by four RCCES PhD students (at a relatively advanced stage)
