Dr Jacqueline Sin • City, University of London

Contact details

Address

Dr Jacqueline Sin City, University of London
Northampton Square
London EC1V 0HB
United Kingdom

Personal links

EFFIP project website

About
Research
Publications

About

Overview

Jacqueline is a Mental Health Nurse and health services researcher, based in the Division of Nursing within the School of Health Sciences. Jacqueline’s work aspires to improve health care for all through research and implementing the evidence into service development and workforce education. Her clinical and research interest is primarily in understanding the needs and experiences of individuals affected by severe mental illness, and those of their families and local communities. She uses both qualitative and quantitative methods and clinical trials in research, to co-produce, evaluate and implement pioneering psychosocial interventions that work for such populations to improve people’s mental health. In addition to researching interventions that are delivered face-to-face, Jacqueline’s research also taps into the fast-evolving digital health field. She is a champion for optimising patients, carers, and public involvement (PPI) activities across research, service and workforce development.

Jacqueline qualified as a mental health nurse in early 1990s. She has since worked in a range of clinical services including acute inpatient, community care, assertive outreach and early intervention in psychosis services over the years. She later completed further post-graduate education and training in psychology, community psychiatric nursing, advanced practice, and clinical research in Hong Kong, Australia, and the UK. From 2002 and for the following 10 years, Jacqueline worked as the education and practice lead for psychosis in Berkshire. This gave her a split role in leading the post-qualifying Thorn training programme in the university and also being the consultant nurse specialising in working with people affected by psychosis and complex post-traumatic stress disorder (complex PTSD) and their family carers in clinical practice.

In 2011 she was awarded an NIHR Doctoral Research Fellowship which enabled her to undertake a PhD through which to develop and trial a digital intervention for brothers and sisters of individuals who developed a first episode psychosis (The ESibling Project). Following that she was awarded two further NIHR (BRC) fellowships to extend her research on co-producing and evaluating complex digital interventions that aim to promote mental wellbeing in the wider populations and family carers for people with psychosis (The EFFIP Project www.cope-support.org/). Alongside her research work, Jacqueline also practises clinically in the NHS.

Jacqueline is passionate in integrating research evidence to improve care and ultimately outcomes through involving in national and international collaborations. She has served as a clinical expert in developing the NICE guidelines on psychosis and schizophrenia (2007-2010). More recently she is part of the working group for the International Consortium for Health Outcomes Measurement - Psychotic Disorders (ICHOM). Jacqueline is an active Cochrane systematic review author and enjoys synthesising research evidence through undertaking systematic reviews to inform development of clinical guidelines.

Qualifications

PhD Health Studies Research with Elsevier Outstanding Thesis Prize, King's College London (funded by NIHR DRF), United Kingdom, Jan 2012 – Dec 2014
Eye Movement Desensitisation & Reprocessing Therapy - advanced, intermediate and basic levels training, EMDR Institute, Inc., GB, Sep 2005
BSc(Hons) Mental Health Nursing (THORN), University of Manchester & Royal College of Nursing Institute, United Kingdom, Sep 1999 – Aug 2001
ENB998 - Teaching & Assessing in Clinical Practice, English Nursing Board (ENB), United Kingdom, Jan 1998
MSc Nursing, King’s College London, Florence Nightingale School of Nursing and Midwifery, United Kingdom, Sep 1996 – Oct 1997
PGCE in Community Psychiatric Nursing, Institute of Advanced Nursing Studies, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Sep 1995
BSc Nursing, La Trobe University, Australia, Sep 1994 – Aug 1996
BSc General Studies, The Open University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Sep 1991 – Apr 1996

Postgraduate training

PGCE Teaching & Learning leading to FHEA and RNT registration, Thames Valley University, GB, Sep 2008 – Sep 2009

Employment

Professor of Mental Health Nursing, City, University of London, Jun 2020 – present
NIHR Post-Doctorial Research Fellow (60% fte), City, University of London, Jun 2020 – present
Associate Professor of Clinical Health, University of Reading, Apr 2017 – Jul 2020
NIHR Post-Doctoral Research Fellow (60% fte), St George's, University of London, Jan 2016 – Jun 2020
NIHR BRC Clinical Lecturer, King's College London, Aug 2015 – Mar 2017
Consultant Nurse: Clinical Innovation & Development (40% fte), South West London & St George’s Mental Health NHS Trust, Jan – Jun 2015
Consultant Nurse Therapist (Honorary/20% fte), Berkshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Jan 2012 – Jul 2020
NIHR Research Fellow, King's College London, Jan 2012 – Dec 2014
Education & Practice Lead in Psychosocial interventions (PSI), Berkshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Dec 2002 – Dec 2011
Senior Practitioner, Community Mental Health Service, West London Mental Health NHS Trust, Jan 2001 – Nov 2002

Memberships of committees

Clinical and professional working group member,  International Consortium for Health Outcomes Measurement Psychotic Disorders Working Group, Oct 2018 – present
Cochrane review author, Cochrane Psychosis & Schizophrenia Group, Cochrane Developmental, Psychosocial and Learning Problems Group, and Cochrane Effective Care & Organisation of Care Group

Memberships of professional organisations

Full RCN member and expert representative for NICE, Royal College of Nursing, Jun 2018 – present

Expertise

Geographic Areas

Europe - Western

Research students

2^nd supervisor

Lewis Benjamin, Research Student

Publications

Publications by category

Journal articles (70)

Sin, J., Henderson, C., Elkes, J., Cornelius, V., Woodham, L.A., Batchelor, R. … Gillard, S. (2022). Effect of digital psychoeducation and peer support on the mental health of family carers supporting individuals with psychosis in England (COPe-support): a randomised clinical trial. The Lancet Digital Health, 4(5). doi:10.1016/s2589-7500(22)00031-0.
Yoeli, H., Dhital, R., Hermaszewska, S. and Sin, J. (2022). A meta-ethnography of participatory health research and co-production in Nepal. Social Science & Medicine, 301, pp. 114955–114955. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.114955.
Hermaszewska, S., Sweeney, A., Camminga, B., Botelle, R., Elliott, K. and Sin, J. (2022). Lived experiences of transgender forced migrants and their mental health outcomes: systematic review and meta-ethnography. BJPsych Open, 8(3). doi:10.1192/bjo.2022.51.
Dhital, R., Sakulwach, S., Robert, G., Vasilikou, C. and Sin, J. (2022). Systematic review on the effects of the physical and social aspects of community pharmacy spaces on service users and staff. Perspectives in Public Health, 142(2), pp. 77–93. doi:10.1177/17579139221080608.
McKenzie, E., Matkin, L., Sousa Fialho, L., Emelurumonye, I.N., Gintner, T., Ilesanmi, C. … Addington, D. (2022). Developing an International Standard Set of Patient-Reported Outcome Measures for Psychotic Disorders. Psychiatric Services, 73(3), pp. 249–258. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.202000888.
Leung, F.Y.N., Sin, J., Dawson, C., Ong, J.H., Zhao, C., Veić, A. … Liu, F. (2022). Emotion recognition across visual and auditory modalities in autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Developmental Review, 63, pp. 101000–101000. doi:10.1016/j.dr.2021.101000.
Seager, E., Sampson, S., Sin, J., Pagnamenta, E. and Stojanovik, V. (2022). A systematic review of speech, language and communication interventions for children with Down syndrome from 0 to 6 years. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders. doi:10.1111/1460-6984.12699.
Batchelor, R., Gulshan, S., Shritharan, H., Williams, E., Henderson, C., Gillard, S. … Sin, J. (2022). Perceived Acceptability and Experiences of a Digital Psychoeducation and Peer Support Intervention (COPe-support): Interview Study With Carers Supporting Individuals With Psychosis. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 24(2). doi:10.2196/27781.
Hermaszewska, S., Sweeney, A. and Sin, J. (2022). Time to change course in stigma research? Journal of Mental Health, 31(1), pp. 1–4. doi:10.1080/09638237.2021.2022636.
Hisham, I.N., Townsend, G., Gillard, S., Debnath, B. and Sin, J. (2021). COVID-19: the perfect vector for a mental health epidemic. BJPsych Bulletin, 45(6), pp. 332–338. doi:10.1192/bjb.2020.60.
Williams, T.I., Loucas, T., Sin, J., Jeremic, M., Aslett, G., Knight, M. … Liu, F. (2021). A randomised controlled feasibility trial of music-assisted language telehealth intervention for minimally verbal autistic children—the MAP study protocol. Pilot and Feasibility Studies, 7(1). doi:10.1186/s40814-021-00918-9.
Hisham, I.N., Sin, J., Rouf, K., Taggart, D., Townsend, G. and Sweeney, A. (2021). Domestic abuse and mental health: the amplified risks created during the pandemic. BJPsych Advances pp. 1–12. doi:10.1192/bja.2021.69.
Sin, J., Elkes, J., Batchelor, R., Henderson, C., Gillard, S., Woodham, L.A. … Cornelius, V. (2021). Mental Health and Caregiving Experiences of Family Carers Supporting People with Psychosis. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 30. doi:10.1017/S2045796020001067.
Hermaszewska, S. and Sin, J. (2021). End-user perspectives on the development of an online intervention for parents of children on the autism spectrum. Autism pp. 136236132098489–136236132098489. doi:10.1177/1362361320984895.
Sin, J., Henderson, C., Cornelius, V., Chen, T., Elkes, J., Woodham, L.A. … Gillard, S. (2020). COPe-support - a multi-component digital intervention for family carers for people affected by psychosis: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. BMC Psychiatry, 20(1). doi:10.1186/s12888-020-02528-w.
White, S., Foster, R., Marks, J., Morshead, R., Goldsmith, L., Barlow, S. … Gillard, S. (2020). The effectiveness of one-to-one peer support in mental health services: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry, 20(1). doi:10.1186/s12888-020-02923-3.
Sin, J., Henderson, C., Woodham, L., Sese, A., Spence-Polin, D. and Gillard, S. (2019). Co-producing and evaluating an innovative eHealth intervention for family carers of people with psychosis – the EFFIP Project (E-support for Families & Friends of Individuals affected by Psychosis. Conference oral presentation at European Academy of Nursing Science at Lisbon, Portugal (10-11th July 2019). BMC Nursing, 18(S2). doi:10.1186/s12912-019-0370-y.
Henderson, C., Asher, C., Goldsmith, K., C. Gronholm, P., Lawrence, V., Rimes, K. … Webber, M. (2019). Intervening against mental illness stigma and its internalisation: An organising framework. RIVISTA SPERIMENTALE DI FRENIATRIA, (3), pp. 109–131. doi:10.3280/rsf2019-003005.
Sin, J., Henderson, C., Woodham, L.A., Sesé Hernández, A. and Gillard, S. (2019). A Multicomponent eHealth Intervention for Family Carers for People Affected by Psychosis: A Coproduced Design and Build Study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 21(8). doi:10.2196/14374.
Sin, J., Woodham, L.A., Henderson, C., Williams, E., Sesé Hernández, A. and Gillard, S. (2019). Usability evaluation of an eHealth intervention for family carers of individuals affected by psychosis: A mixed-method study. DIGITAL HEALTH, 5, pp. 205520761987114–205520761987114. doi:10.1177/2055207619871148.
Furuta, M., Horsch, A., Ng, E.S.W., Bick, D., Spain, D. and Sin, J. (2018). Effectiveness of Trauma-Focused Psychological Therapies for Treating Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms in Women Following Childbirth: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00591.
Dixon, J., Lei, J., Huang, W., Sin, J. and Smith, G. (2018). The Views of Mental Health Manager Towards the Use of a Family Work Model for Psychosis in Guangzhou, China. Community Mental Health Journal, 54(7), pp. 1057–1063. doi:10.1007/s10597-018-0247-7.
Sin, J., Henderson, C., Sese, A., Woodham, L., Krishnamoothy, K. and Gillard, S. (2018). EFFIP (E-support for Families & Friends of Individuals affected by Psychosis): Developing & evaluating an online complex intervention for carers. Conference oral presentation at European Academy of Nursing Science at Ghent, Belgium (10-11th July 2018). BMC Nursing, 17(S1). doi:10.1186/s12912-018-0301-3.
Spain, D., Sin, J., Linder, K.B., McMahon, J. and Happé, F. (2018). Social anxiety in autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 52, pp. 51–68. doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2018.04.007.
Ranasinghe, I., Sin, J., Norman, I. and Lau-Walker, M. (2018). Predicting and preventing alcohol relapse in alcohol-related liver disease. Gastrointestinal Nursing, 16(4), pp. 42–48. doi:10.12968/gasn.2018.16.4.42.
Ranasinghe, I., Sin, J., Norman, I. and Lau-Walker, M. (2018). Predicting and preventing alcohol relapse in alcohol-related liver disease. British Journal of Nursing, 27(4), pp. 190–196. doi:10.12968/bjon.2018.27.4.190.
Sin, J., Henderson, C., Spain, D., Cornelius, V., Chen, T. and Gillard, S. (2018). eHealth interventions for family carers of people with long term illness: A promising approach? Clinical Psychology Review, 60, pp. 109–125.
Spain, D., Rumball, F., O'Neill, L., Sin, J., Prunty, J. and Happé, F. (2017). Conceptualizing and Treating Social Anxiety in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Focus Group Study with Multidisciplinary Professionals. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 30, pp. 10–21. doi:10.1111/jar.12320.
Furuta, M., Sin, J., Ng, E.S.W. and Wang, K. (2017). Efficacy and safety of pertussis vaccination for pregnant women - a systematic review of randomised controlled trials and observational studies. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 17(1). doi:10.1186/s12884-017-1559-2.
Sin, J., Gillard, S., Spain, D., Cornelius, V., Chen, T. and Henderson, C. (2017). Effectiveness of psychoeducational interventions for family carers of people with psychosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 56, pp. 13–24. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2017.05.002.
Sin, J., Henderson, C., Spain, D., Gamble, C. and Norman, I. (2017). What factors influence successful recruitment of siblings of individuals with first episode psychosis to e-health interventions? A qualitative study. Health Expectations, 20(4), pp. 696–704. doi:10.1111/hex.12508.
Spain, D., Sin, J., Paliokosta, E., Furuta, M., Prunty, J.E., Chalder, T. … Happé, F.G. (2017). Family therapy for autism spectrum disorders. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2017(5). doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011894.pub2.
Sin, J., Jordan, C., Barley, E., Henderson, C., Norman, I. and Whitehead, L. (2017). Psychoeducation for Siblings of People with Severe Mental Illness. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 38(3), pp. 283–284. doi:10.1080/01612840.2017.1286195.
[publisher’s website]
Sin, J., Spain, D., Furuta, M., Murrells, T. and Norman, I. (2017). Psychological interventions for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in people with severe mental illness. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2017(1). doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011464.pub2.
Spain, D., Sin, J., Harwood, L., Mendez, M.A. and Happé, F. (2017). Cognitive behaviour therapy for social anxiety in autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review. Advances in Autism, 3(1), pp. 34–46. doi:10.1108/aia-07-2016-0020.
Sin, J. and Spain, D. (2017). Psychological interventions for trauma in individuals who have psychosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychosis, 9(1), pp. 67–81. doi:10.1080/17522439.2016.1167946.
Spain, D., Happé, F., Johnston, P., Campbell, M., Sin, J., Daly, E. … Murphy, D.G. (2016). Social anxiety in adult males with autism spectrum disorders. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 32, pp. 13–23. doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2016.08.002.
Furuta, M., Spain, D., Bick, D., Ng, E.S.W. and Sin, J. (2016). Effectiveness of trauma-focused psychological therapies compared to usual postnatal care for treating post-traumatic stress symptoms in women following traumatic birth: A systematic review protocol. BMJ Open, 6(11). doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013697.
Sin, J., Murrells, T., Spain, D., Norman, I. and Henderson, C. (2016). Wellbeing, mental health knowledge and caregiving experiences of siblings of people with psychosis, compared to their peers and parents: an exploratory study. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 51(9), pp. 1247–1255. doi:10.1007/s00127-016-1222-7.
Jordan, C., Sin, J., Fear, N.T. and Chalder, T. (2016). A systematic review of the psychological correlates of adjustment outcomes in adults with inflammatory bowel disease. Clinical Psychology Review, 47, pp. 28–40. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.06.001.
Spain, D., Sin, J. and Freeman, D. (2016). Conceptualising paranoia in ASD: A systematic review and development of a theoretical framework. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 25, pp. 97–111. doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2016.02.002.
Spain, D., Sin, J., Paliokosta, E., Furuta, M., Chalder, T., Murphy, D.G. … Happé, F.G. (2015). Family therapy for autism spectrum disorders. . doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011894.
Sin, J., Jordan, C.D., Barley, E.A., Henderson, C. and Norman, I. (2015). Psychoeducation for siblings of people with severe mental illness. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010540.pub2.
Sin, J., Spain, D., Furuta, M., Murrells, T. and Norman, I. (2015). Psychological interventions for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in people with severe mental illness. . doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011464.
Spain, D., Sin, J., Chalder, T., Murphy, D. and Happé, F. (2015). Cognitive behaviour therapy for adults with autism spectrum disorders and psychiatric co-morbidity: A review. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 9, pp. 151–162. doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2014.10.019.
Sin, J., Spain, D., Jordan, C. and A. Griffiths, C. (2014). Siblings of individuals with severe mental illness. The Journal of Mental Health Training, Education and Practice, 9(4), pp. 215–221. doi:10.1108/jmhtep-04-2014-0006.
Sin, J., Henderson, C. and Norman, I. (2014). USABILITY OF ONLINE PSYCHOEDUCATION FOR SIBLINGS OF PEOPLE WITH PSYCHOSIS. International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care, 30(4), pp. 374–380. doi:10.1017/s0266462314000488.
Ranasinghe, I. and Sin, J. (2014). A systematic review of evidence-based treatment for individuals with treatment-resistant schizophrenia and a suboptimal response to clozapine monotherapy. Psychosis, 6(3), pp. 253–265. doi:10.1080/17522439.2013.830319.
Sin, J., Livingstone, S., Griffiths, M. and Gamble, C. (2014). Family intervention for psychosis: Impact of training on clinicians’ attitudes, knowledge and behaviour. Psychosis, 6(2), pp. 128–142. doi:10.1080/17522439.2013.806569.
Sin, J. and Norman, I. (2013). Psychoeducational Interventions for Family Members of People With Schizophrenia. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 74(12). doi:10.4088/jcp.12r08308.
Sin, J., Henderson, C., Pinfold, V. and Norman, I. (2013). The E Sibling Project – exploratory randomised controlled trial of an online multi-component psychoeducational intervention for siblings of individuals with first episode psychosis. BMC Psychiatry, 13(1). doi:10.1186/1471-244x-13-123.
Griffiths, C. and Sin, J. (2013). Rethinking siblings and mental illness. Psychologist, 26(11), pp. 808–810.
Gamble, C., Sin, J., Kelly, M., O'Loughlin, D. and Moone, N. (2013). The development of a Family Intervention Competency Assessment and Reflection Scale (FICARS) for psychosis. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 20(8), pp. 744–751. doi:10.1111/jpm.12013.
Sin, J., Jordan, C., Barley, E., Henderson, C. and Norman, I.J. (2013). Psychoeducation for siblings of people with severe mental illness. . doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010540.
Sin, J. (2013). Focus Group Study of Siblings of Individuals with Psychosis: Views on Designing an Online Psychoeducational Resource. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 51(6), pp. 28–36. doi:10.3928/02793695-20130404-02.
STERN, T. and SIN, J. (2012). Implementing a structured psychosocial interventions group programme for people with bipolar disorder. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 19(2), pp. 180–189. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2850.2011.01816.x.
Sin, J., Moone, N., Harris, P., Scully, E. and Wellman, N. (2012). Understanding the experiences and service needs of siblings of individuals with first-episode psychosis: a phenomenological study. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 6(1), pp. 53–59. doi:10.1111/j.1751-7893.2011.00300.x.
Sin, J., Moone, N. and Harris, P. (2010). Response: Sister speaks out about sibling psychosis. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 48(1), p. 10.
KELLY, J., WELLMAN, N. and SIN, J. (2009). HEART - the Hounslow Early Active Recovery Team: implementing an inclusive strength-based model of care for people with early psychosis. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 16(6), pp. 569–577. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2850.2009.01405.x.
Sin, J., Taylor, C. and Kendall, T. (2009). Schizophrenia in adults 2: treating acute episodes and promoting recovery. Nursing times, 105(21), pp. 12–13.
Sin, J. and Taylor, C. (2009). Schizophrenia in adults 1: NICE guidance on detection, assessment and initial management. Nursing times, 105(20), pp. 28–29.
Sin, J. and Taylor, C. (2009). Mental health nurses have a key role in implementing new schizophrenia guidance. Nursing times, 105(18), p. 22.
Sin, J., Moone, N. and Harris, P. (2008). Siblings of Individuals with First-Episode Psychosis: Understanding Their Experiences and Needs. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 46(6), pp. 33–40. doi:10.3928/02793695-20080601-11.
SIN, J. and SCULLY, E. (2008). An evaluation of education and implementation of psychosocial interventions within one UK mental healthcare trust. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 15(2), pp. 161–169. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2850.2007.01202.x.
SIN, J., MOONE, N. and NEWELL, J. (2007). Developing services for the carers of young adults with early-onset psychosis ? implementing evidence-based practice on psycho-educational family intervention. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 14(3), pp. 282–290. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2850.2007.01075.x.
SIN, J., MOONE, N. and WELLMAN, N. (2005). Developing services for the carers of young adults with early-onset psychosis - listening to their experiences and needs. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 12(5), pp. 589–597. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2850.2005.00883.x.
STEVENS, S. and SIN, J. (2005). Implementing a self-management model of relapse prevention for psychosis into routine clinical practice. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 12(4), pp. 495–501. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2850.2005.00840.x.
SIN, J., MOONE, N. and WELLMAN, N. (2003). Incorporating psycho-educational family and carers work into routine clinical practice. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 10(6), pp. 730–734. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2850.2003.00669.x.
SIN, J. and GAMBLE, C. (2003). Managing side-effects to the optimum: valuing a client's experience. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 10(2), pp. 147–153. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2850.2003.00564.x.
Sin, J., Galeazzi, G., McGregor, E., Collom, J., Taylor, A., Barrett, B. … Henderson, C. Digital Interventions for Screening and Treating Common Mental Disorders or Symptoms of Common Mental Illness in Adults: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (Preprint). . doi:10.2196/preprints.20581.